Volume 16, no 4

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    Utilization of Chestnut Shell Wastes as a Dyeing Agent for Leather Industry
    • Pages 257-264
      Ersin ONEM, Gokhan CIN, Ataman ALANKUS, Hasan PEHLIVAN, Mehmet Mete MUTLU*
      • Ege University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Leather Engineering, 35100, Izmir, Turkiye, e-mail: deri@mail.ege.edu.tr

      ABSTRACT. In this study, extraction of dyestuff from chestnut shell wastes and dyeing properties were investigated. Firstly, feed/solvent (F/S): 1/10-1/20 (g/ml), time: 1-2 h, solvent: water, water+NaOH (2.5%, 5%, 10%) parameters at 90°C were examined for the extraction of chestnut shell. 43.61% extraction yield was obtained in water+10% NaOH, F/S: 1/10 at 90°C for 1 hour as optimum parameters. Chestnut shell extract produced in optimum conditions was used as a dyeing agent in leather process. Potassium aluminium sulphate [KAl(SO4)2.12H2O], copper sulphate [CuSO4.5H2O] and Ferro sulphate [FeSO4.7H2O] mordants were used after dyeing process to increase the fastness properties of leather. Rub, perspiration and light fastnesses were examined on the dyed leathers. Colour measurements of leathers were also carried out with Konica Minolta CM-3600d spectrophotometer. Mordants did not show significant effect on colour but fastness values varied by the used mordant types.

      KEY WORDS: leather, dyeing, dyestuff, chestnut shell, valorisation, extract, waste
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    Effects of Daily Used Bags on Biomechanics Characteristic of Elementary Students
    • Pages 265-274
      Nan ZHOU1,2, Jing YAN2, Wuyong CHEN1*, Caibo HU3, Xiaoyan ZHANG2
      • 1National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China, wuyong.chen@163.com
      • 2Guangzhou Shiling Leather & Leather Products Investigation Center Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510850, China
      • 3Peoples government of Shiling town, Huadu district, Guangzhou, 510850, China

      ABSTRACT. In order to evaluate the effects on biomechanics characteristic of daily used bags of elementary students, we select three different types of marketable school bags (backpack A with shoulder cushion design, backpack B with shoulder-back cushion design and Japanese backpack C with bio-mechanics optimization design). The mFLEX, Codamotion and Footscan were used to measure shoulder pressure, back pressure, body posture and plantar pressure on 8 elementary students (male and female ratio 3 to 5) with different loads equivalent to 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% of their body weights. The results showed that the value of shoulder pressure, back pressure and trunk leaning angle change linearly with the load increasing, there is no significant impact of plantar pressure value. But, different bags significantly impacts on shoulder pressure and back pressure and body posture. Evaluation results showed that two optimization design bags (B and C) had no advantages on decreasing shoulder pressure, back pressure and trunk leaning angle.

      KEY WORDS: loads, shoulder pressure, back pressure, body posture, plantar pressure, elementary students
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    Phylogenetic Identification of Two Extremely Halophilic Archaeon Isolated from Raw Hide and Investigation of Their Lipolytic Activities
    • Pages 275-288
      Gözde TURHAN BILGI1, Binnur MERIÇLI YAPICI2*, Sadi Turgut BILGI3
      • 1Biology Department, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17020, Çanakkale, Turkey, gzdtrhn@hotmail.com
      • 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17020, Çanakkale, Turkey, byapici@comu.edu.tr
      • 3Department of Midwifery, School of Health, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17020, Çanakkale, Turkey, stbilgi@comu.edu.tr

      ABSTRACT. This research serves two different purposes. Primarily, two extremely halophilic archaeons were isolated from salted raw hide samples and were phylogenetically identified by 16S rRNA sequence analyses. It was determined that isolate 1 shared similarities with Halomicrobium zhouii strain 144 and isolate 2 with Haloarchaeon strain 129. These results were substantiated by some phenotypic analyses. Both strains displayed Gram-negative reactions and they were susceptible to the antibiotics bacitracin and novobiocin. It was qualitatively determined that they have lipolytic activity. Secondly, esterase and lipase enzyme activity conditions of the two archaea were also determined in the current study to evaluate industrial applicability of these enzymes. For the identification of quantitative esterase and lipase activities of both strains, p-nitrophenyl butyrate and p-nitrophenyl laurate substrates were used, respectively, and their activities were measured on a daily basis. After the quantitative and qualitative determination of esterase and lipase activities, esterase and lipase activities were determined at different temperatures (4-60°C), pH levels (4-11pH) and in NaCl concentrations (0-5.5M). According to daily enzyme activity results, the highest esterase and lipase values for isolate 1 were found to be 4 U/ml and 1 U/ml, respectively, on the 4th day and for isolate 2 to be 2.7 U/ml and 1.9 U/ml, respectively, on the 3rd day. Furthermore, the maximum esterase activity for isolate 1 was elicited at 35°C, pH 8 and in 2.5 M NaCl, and for isolate 2 at 35°C, pH 7 and in 3 M NaCl. Moreover, the maximum lipase activity for isolate 1 was explored at 40°C, pH 7.0 and 2.0-3.5 M NaCl, and for isolate 2 at 35°C, pH 7.5 and in 2 M NaCl. Optimal conditions for both extreme halophilic Archaea was determined as the data may be considered for the production of industrial enzymes. Therefore, this research is an exemplary study as well as a small-scoped survey which includes the two goals mentioned above and only focuses on two archaea on salted raw hides.

      KEY WORDS: salted hides, halophilic archaea, halophilic esterase, halophilic lipase
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    Influence of Walking Direction on the Intra-Limb Coordination of Healthy Children Aged between Three and Six
    • Pages 289-298
      Jinghui ZHANG1,2, Jinlong LIU1,2, Bo XU1,2, Wuyong CHEN1,2, Jianxin WU3, Jin ZHOU1,2*
      • 1National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China, zj_scu@qq.com
      • 2Key Laboratory for Leather Chemistry and Engineering of the Education Ministry, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
      • 3Science Lab, Zhejiang Red Dragonfly Footwear Co., Ltd., Wenzhou 325105, P.R. China

      ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was first to compare the differences of coordination between forward walking (FW) and reversed backward walking (RevBW) in 40 healthy children aged between three and six; and then to explore interaction effects of age and direction of motion on intra-limb coordination. Kinematics of FW and RevBW of those subjects were measured by Coda motion system. Based on the Euler angle (EA) and angle velocity in knee (OAB), ankle (ABD) and metatarsophalangeal joint (MTH)(BDF), continuous relative phase (CRP) between knee-ankle (θCRP(K-A)) and ankle-metatarsophalangeal (θCRP(A-M)) were calculated. Coefficient of variance between FW and RevBW in each EA and CRP variable were figured out. Statistical model of independent T test and paired T test, as well as univariate analysis were applied with significant level of 0.05 and confidence interval of 95%. Our results show that RevBW significantly increased the amplitude of knee, ankle and MTH joint; while majority of inter-age CoV-EA variables were found less prominent, with exception of CoV-EA (OAB) between ages of five to six. Amplitude-EA variables were recorded with significant differences between FW and RevBW in each age group. In terms of interaction effects, only walking direction showed significant impact on the variables of amplitude-EA. Overall, although BW increased amplitude of motion in knee, ankle and MTH joint, children aged between three and six have already achieved a mechanism that central nervous system could switch their gait control freely.

      KEY WORDS: walking direction, coordination, continuous relative phase, children
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    Histological, Histochemical and Chemical Study on Katsuwonus pelamis Fish Skins
    • Pages 299-312
      Eylül KÜÇÜKAKIN1, Arife Candaș ADIGÜZEL ZENGIN1, Remziye DEVECI2, Nilay ÖRK1, Gökhan ZENGIN1, Behzat Oral BITLISLI1*
      • 1Ege University, Faculty of Engineering, Leather Engineering Department, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey, b.o.bitlisli@gmail.com
      • 2Ege University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Molecular Biology Division, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

      ABSTRACT. In this study, possibility of using Skipjack Tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) fish skins as a new and alternative raw material source for leather industry was investigated. The structural and chemical properties of fish skins have a high impact on the preparation of special production recipes and the manufacturing of high performance valuable fish leathers. For this purpose, characteristic properties of Skipjack Tuna fish skins were evaluated by histological, histochemical and chemical methods. The chemical characteristics of fish skins were determined by analyzing fat content (%), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (%), hide substance (%), volatile matter (%), total ash (%) and fatty acid methyl esters and total amino acid content through instrumental analysis. Histological and histochemical analyses were carried out by Hematoxylin-Eosin and Van Gieson staining techniques. As a result of histological and histochemical investigations, fish skins were found thin and tough due to their surface characteristics, had less collagen content compared to other raw materials commonly used in leather industry and the fibers were orientated in parallel but opposite to striated muscles differently from the other skins. Besides, the fat content, Kjeldahl nitrogen, hide substance, volatile matter and total ash of Katsuwonus pelamis fish skins were found 24.47±1.76%, 10.20±0.28%, 57.32±1.55%, 37.33±4.01% and 1.23±0.0002% respectively. The results of the study revealed that Katsuwonus pelamis fish skins could be an alternative raw material to be used in the production of high value added luxury leathers

      KEY WORDS: Katsuwonus pelamis, histological, histochemical, chemical, fish skins
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