Leather and Footwear Journal

Volume 10, no 1

Contents
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New Tanning Coordination Compounds of Ti(IV) and Zr(IV) - Part I - Compounds of Ti(IV) and Zr(IV) with N-Hydroxysuccinimide as Ligand
- Pages 3-12
  Marian CRUDU¹*, Doina SIBIESCU², Daniel SUTIMAN², Adrian CAILEAN², Aurelia IOANID³, Nicolae BOCA⁴, Andra CRUDU¹
  - ¹INCDTP - Division ICPI Bucharest, 93 Ion Minulescu st., email: mariancrudu@yahoo.com
  - ²Gh.Asachi Technical University, Iasi, 59 D. Mangeron Bd.
  - ³Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, 41 A Al. Gr. Ghica Voda st.
  - ⁴SC Zirom SA Giurgiu, Sloboziei Rd., km 4
  ABSTRACT. This paper presents the study of new solid complexes of Ti(IV) and Zr(IV) derived from the interaction of TiOSO₄ ∙ 2H₂O and ZrOCl₂ ∙ 8H₂O with C₄H₅NO₃ (n-hydroxysuccinimide) in central atom:ligand combination ratio of 1:1 and 1:2. To characterize the new compounds in solid state, specific methods have been used: infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, thermodynamic analysis to establish the structure and possibilities of use in leather processing. It has been established that Ti(IV) complexes make up structures by hexacoordination and Zr(IV) makes up dodecahedral structures.
  
  KEY WORDS: Ti(IV) complexes, Zr(IV) complexes, n-hydroxysuccinimide as ligand, X-ray diffraction, TG/TGA
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Applications of Statistical Methods in Investigating Heritage Leather Items
- Pages 13-30
  Dana Corina DESELNICU*
  - National Research & Development Institute for Textile and Leather - Division: Leather and Footwear Research Institute, 93 Ion Minulescu St., Sect 3, 031215-Bucharest, Romania, e-mail: icpi@icpi.ro, d_deselnicu@yahoo.com
  ABSTRACT. Characterization of protein materials, such as leather, is still an unsolved problem, due to its non-homogeneity, being a natural product. Chemical and physical-mechanical methods currently available for leather characterization are laborious and consume large quantities of chemical reagents and material, and their application requires a lot of time. By using non-destructive methods, such as NIR spectroscopy, and by using studies of statistical-mathematical modeling of analytical data, hidden connections between related chemical systems or between stages of physical-chemical processes a given system undergoes can be highlighted. In this paper 130 leather samples belonging to heritage items have been analyzed by NIR spectroscopy. The obtained data have been gathered in a comprehensive, searchable database, which structures complex analysis results in a simple, easily accessible and intelligible manner in view of applying statistic techniques. The paper presents the results obtained by applying SPSS and chemometric statistical software.
  
  KEY WORDS: statistical methods, leather, SPSS, chemometrics
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Influence of Fatliquor on Ageing Characteristics of Leather
- Pages 31-42
  Govindan DEVIKAVATHI¹, Usha RAMAMOORTHY², Victor John SUNDAR¹, Chellappa MURALIDHARAN*¹
  - ¹Leather Process Technology Division, email: cmurali62@yahoo.com
  - ²Bio-physics Laboratory - Central Leather Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
  ABSTRACT. Most of the manufactured products undergo change during ageing. Leather is no exception. Leather is a product resultant of various unit operations carried out on hides and skins. Depending on the nature of the physical operations carried out and chemical interactions made, leather undergoes noticeable change during ageing. The changes often result in variations in physical-chemical properties, formation and removal of chemical substances, alteration in functional and aesthetic properties. Many chemicals/auxiliaries employed in leather processing critically influence the ageing characteristics of leathers. Thermal ageing of leathers was conducted to assess the ageing-related changes in the fatliquor treated leathers. In the present work, attempts have been made to study the influence of three categories of conventionally employed fatliquors on the ageing behaviour of leathers. It is believed that the results would provide a basis for appropriate choice of fatliquors for various end uses by the leather manufacturers.
  
  KEY WORDS: ageing, tanning, physical properties, fatliquors, oxidation
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Exploratory Research Regarding the Use of Organic Biopolymers from Tanneries in Agriculture - Part II - Characterization Of Protean Biopolymers by Physical-Chemical Analyses
- Pages 43-52
  Gabriel ZĂINESCU¹*, Petre VOICU², Carmen Alina GHERGHINA², Lucia SANDRU³
  - ¹National R&D Institute for Textile and Leather - Division: Leather and Footwear Research Institute, 93 Ion Minulescu str., 031215, Bucharest, Romania, email: icpi@icpi.ro
  - ²Research Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry, Bucharest, Romania, 61 Marasti Blvd., 71331, Bucharest, Romania, email: office@icpa.ro
  - ²Research Institute for Plant Protection, 8 Ion Ionescu de la Brad Blvd., Bucharest, Romania
  ABSTRACT. Most tanneries and leather goods manufacturers are facing serious problems regarding waste disposal, the more so as their storage in landfills leads to negative effects on the ecosystem. Using untanned wastes is of particular interest because it offers the opportunity to eliminate nearly all wastes from fleshing, while obtaining qualitatively and economically valuable products. Organic biopolymers are a source of raw material for agriculture, whereas the composition of protean wastes provides sufficient elements to improve the composition and remediation of degraded soils and plants can exploit some elements, such as nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium etc. As a result of the existing large quantities of organic waste, it is known from technological practice that from processing one tonne of raw hide, 75% is discarded, of which 50% can be used as organic fertilizer to repair poorly productive or unproductive land areas (sandy, salty, eroded etc.). This scientific paper presents the characterization of protean biopolymers by methods specific for morpho-structural analysis (UV-VIS, IR spectroscopy, thermal analyses, X-ray diffraction, microscopy, etc.). Protean biopolymers were obtained by means of an innovative bioenzymatic procedure of processing protean waste, which in combination with other polymers (polyacrylamide, acrylic, maleic, cellulose, starch, etc.) will be used in agriculture.
  
  KEY WORDS: biopolymer, protean wastes, tannery, polyelectrolytes, structural analysis
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Characterization and Utilization Possibilities of Intestine Waste after Casing Production
- Pages 53-62
  Gökhan ZENGIN*
  - Ege University, Leather Engineering Department of Engineering Faculty, 35100 Bornova-Izmir, Turkey, zenginhan@yahoo.com
  ABSTRACT. Animal intestines obtained after slaughtering for meat supply are usually used as case material for processed meat products such as sausage and salami. During casing production, high amount of organic waste occurs without being utilized. From this point of view, in the present study the intestine wastes were characterized and the possibility of their utilization was discussed. According to the findings, the intestine wastes were found to be rich in nitrogen, protein and fatty substances which give the possibility of utilizing these wastes for different purposes, such as for fertilizers, hydrolyzed products, pet food, fishmeal, etc.
  
  KEY WORDS: intestine waste, casing, meat by-products
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Grafted Chloroprene Elastomer for Ecologic Adhesive Nanodispersions. Part I - Spectrometric Method of Assessing the Grafting Reaction
- Pages 63-74
  Laurenția ALEXANDRESCU¹*, Maria FICAI¹, Minodora LECA², Zenovia MOLDOVAN²
  - ¹National Research & Development Institute for Textile and Leather - Division: Leather and Footwear Research Institute, 93, Ion Minulescu St., Sect. 3, 031215-Bucharest, Romania, e-mail: icpi@icpi.ro, laura_alexandrescu@yahoo.com
  - ²University of Bucharest, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 4-12, Regina Elisabeta Blvd., Sect. 3, 030018-Bucharest, Romania, e-mail: z_moldovan@yahoo.com
  ABSTRACT. In this paper, the aim was to achieve elastomers with improved properties through grafting of functional chemical groups on the basic elastomer chain, namely chloroprene, to be used in the production of adhesives. The mechanical-chemical grafting technique was experimented, based on the chained radical mechanism of directed transformation of the structure and properties of the elastomer used in the study, namely chloroprene elastomer. Grafting on the structure of chloroprene rubber of functional groups was made by IR spectroscopy. Using this analysis technique allowed highlighting potential interactions between chloroprene rubber and grafting agent. From the results obtained it is found that the grafting agents used had changed the structure of chloroprene rubber, as far as the C - Cl and C = CH2 links in the polymer chain are concerned, which have decreased depending on the grafting agent concentration. At the same time, besides the diminishing of the above-mentioned links, the occurrence of groups characteristic to the inserted grafting agents has been notices in the IR spectrum. The obtained grafted rubber has been used to manufacture chloroprene adhesive solutions, which have been characterized according to standards in force.
  
  KEY WORDS: grafting, grafted polychloroprene, adhesives
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